Structure and content of the maternal representations of Mexican teenagers during their first pregnancy / Estructura y contenido de las representaciones maternas de adolescentes mexicanas durante su primer embarazo

Abstract Objectives: understand the structure and content of the maternal representations of Mexican teenagers during their first pregnancy. Methods: a study was carried out with qualitative methodology based on the concept of maternal representation and the theory of social representations with 30 adolescents who attended prenatal control at the Civil Hospital of Guadalajara "Fray Antonio Alcalde", in Jalisco, Mexico. The participants were interviewed with the consent of their tutors. Classical content analysis techniques were used to obtain codes and thematic categories to develop a conceptual map that explains maternal representations. Results: the maternal representation was identified: "Pregnant but reunited, a legitimated bad decision", which was composed of social meanings towards adolescent pregnancy, family dynamics, expectations towards motherhood, and the feelings experienced by the adolescent during the pregnancy. The content of the representations was heterogeneous for most of the identified categories; however, it is identified that the desire for pregnancy guides the expectations of the adolescent about her future way of being as a mother. Conclusions: the desire of women for pregnancy, the level of participation of the couple, and the social meanings of adolescent pregnancy, have an outstanding role in the development of models of maternal representations.

Resumen Objetivos: comprender la estructura y contenido de las representaciones maternas de adolescentes mexicanas durante su primer embarazo. Métodos: se llevó a cabo un estudio con metodología cualitativa basado en el concepto de representación materna y la teoría de las representaciones sociales con 30 adolescentes que asistieron a control prenatal al Hospital Civil de Guadalajara "Fray Antonio Alcalde", ubicado en Jalisco, México. Las participantes fueron entrevistadas con previo consentimiento de sus tutores. Se utilizaron técnicas de análisis de contenido clásico para obtener códigos y categorías temáticas para desarrollar un mapa conceptual que explique las representaciones maternas. Resultados: se identificó la representación materna: "Embarazada pero juntada, una mala decisión legitimada", la cual se compuso de significados sociales hacia el embarazo adolescente, la dinámica familiar, las expectativas hacia la maternidad, y los sentimientos vividos por la adolescentedurante el embarazo. El contenido de la representación materna fue heterogéneo, empero, se identificó que el deseo por el embarazo guía las expectativas de la adolescente sobre su futura manera de ser madre. Conclusiones: el deseo de la mujer por el embarazo, el nivel de participación de la pareja, y los significados sociales del embarazo adolescente, tienen un papel sobresaliente en el desarrollo de las representaciones maternas.

Embarazos adolescentes y representaciones sociales (León, Guanajuato, México, 2016-2017) / Adolescent pregnancies and social representations (León, Guanajuato, Mexico, 2016-2017) / Gravidez na adolescência e representações sociais (León, Guanajuato, México, 2016-2017)

Resumen (analítico): La intencionalidad del embarazo se ha tratado de explicar desde diversos marcos teóricos, pero no siempre se considera el contexto cultural; por ello persisten complicaciones conceptuales y metodológicas. A lo largo de este estudio se pretendió identificar las representaciones sociales que las adolescentes de León (Guanajuato, México) tienen del embarazo no deseado y no planeado, estudio basado en el enfoque teórico de las representaciones sociales, con el uso de técnicas asociativas derivadas de la antropología cognitiva, específicamente listados libres y comparación de pares. Participaron 72 mujeres de 15 a 19 años. Las representaciones sociales del embarazo no planeado se centraron en aspectos económicos y emocionales negativos; el embarazo no deseado se asoció con aspectos emocionales negativos (sentimientos de enojo y culpa por la situación), además de que se consideró el aborto como solución.

Abstract (analytical): A number of authors have tried to explain the intentionality of pregnancy from different theoretical frameworks, however the cultural context is not always considered, and as a result conceptual and methodological complications persist. This study aims to identify the social representations that adolescents in León, Guanajuato construct in relation to their unwanted and unplanned pregnancies. This study is based on the theoretical approach of social representations and uses associative techniques derived from cognitive anthropology, specifically free listings and peer comparison. 72 women aged 15 to 19 participated. The social representations of unplanned pregnancy focused on negative economic and emotional aspects. Social representations of unwanted pregnancies were associated with negative emotional aspects (feelings of anger and guilt towards the situation), and abortion was considered as a solution.

Resumo (analítico): A intencionalidade da gravidez tem sido tratada para explicar a partir de vários referenciais teóricos, no entanto, o contexto cultural nem sempre é considerado, por isso persistem complicações conceituais e metodológicas. Este estudo tem como objetivo identificar as representações sociais que adolescentes em León, Guanajuato, têm de gravidez indesejada e não planejada. Estudo baseado na abordagem teórica das representações sociais, com o uso de técnicas associativas derivadas da antropologia cognitiva, especificamente listagens livres e comparação de pares. Participaram 72 mulheres com idades entre 15 e 19 anos. As representações sociais da gravidez não planejada focaram aspectos econômicos e emocionais negativos; a gravidez indesejada foi associada a aspectos emocionais negativos (sentimentos de raiva e culpa pela situação) e o aborto foi considerado uma solução.

Prescripción inadecuada de medicamentos: aportaciones de los paradigmas científicos a su conocimiento / Inadequate drugs prescription: contributions of scientific paradigms to your knowledge

Resumen Se realizó una revisión narrativa con análisis temático sobre las aportaciones de los paradigmas científicos al conocimiento de la prescripción inadecuada de medicamentos. Se buscaron artículos de acceso abierto indexados en PubMed© entre 2010-2014, y se sistematizó información sobre el paradigma, tipo de publicación, perspectiva teórica, objetivo, método y resultados. De los 992 artículos encontrados, se seleccionaron 118, y se tomó una muestra propositiva de 15, según su diseño, representando los cuatro paradigmas. Los artículos positivistas reportaron prevalencia, factores asociados, efectividad de intervenciones y criterios de evaluación; los interpretativos explicaron las causas del problema según los involucrados; los críticos denunciaron la influencia de la industria farmacéutica; y el participativo abordó el problema secundariamente y lo solucionó en un escenario para una enfermedad y grupo farmacológico específicos. Se concluyó que la prescripción inadecuada de medicamentos como problema de investigación en salud pública recibe aportes de los cuatro paradigmas, con dominio del positivismo, lo que se atribuye al carácter paradigmático de la ciencia desde la que se le aborda habitualmente, y que una perspectiva multi-paradigmática es el mejor abordaje.

Abstract This study conducted a narrative review with thematic analysis about contributions of scientific paradigms to knowledge of inadequate drugs prescription. We searched open access articles indexed in PubMed© between 2010 and 2014, and we systematized information about scientific paradigm, publication type, theoretical perspective, objective, method and results. From the 992 articles found, 118 were selected. From those, we chose a purposive sample of 15, according to the design of the studies, representing the four paradigms. The positivists articles reported prevalence, associated factors, effectiveness of interventions and evaluation criteria; the interpretive explained the causes of the problem according to those involved; the critics denounced the influence of pharmaceutical industry; and the participative addressed the problem secondarily and solved it in a scenario for a specific disease and pharmacological. We concluded that the inadequate drugs prescription as research problem in public health had contributions from the four paradigms, with dominance of positivism, which is attributed to the paradigmatic perspective of the science, from which it is usually studied, and that a multi-paradigmatic perspective is the best approach to the public health issue.

Obstinación terapéutica en pacientes geriátricos: estudio fenomenológico de experiencias de médicos en Jalisco, México / Therapeutic obstinacy in geriatric patients: Phenomenological study of physician's experiences from Jalisco, Mexico

OBJETIVO: Comprender las experiencias de médicos en torno a la obstinación terapéutica en pacientes geriátricos en Jalisco, México. MÉTODO: Se realizó un estudio fenomenológico en médicos de hospitales públicos y privados de segundo nivel, ubicados en Jalisco, México, durante 2015. Se estudió una muestra propositiva conseguida mediante técnica de bola de nieve, con la que se obtuvieron 7 participantes con experiencia clínica en pacientes geriátricos y casos de obstinación terapéutica. Se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas, que fueron grabadas, transcritas manualmente y analizadas con apoyo del software Atlas. ti(C)6, conforme al método fenomenológico propuesto por Husserl. RESULTADOS: Emergieron 5 categorías: concepto de obstinación terapéutica, proceso de toma de decisiones, facilitadores microsociales, facilitadores macrosociales y concepto de buen morir. Los participantes conceptualizaron la obstinación terapéutica como un evento negativo y fútil. La toma de decisiones en torno a este fenómeno se vio influida por facilitadores microsociales como los deseos del paciente y las relaciones familiares, y por facilitadores macrosociales como el significado negativo de la muerte como consecuencia del quehacer médico y como indicador de desempeño hospitalario, así como la falta de entrenamiento de los médicos para comprender a sus pacientes y comunicar sus ideas con respecto al buen morir. El buen morir fue referido como un proceso natural, ligado a la familia, consistente en evitar el dolor durante el fallecimiento. CONCLUSIONES: Los médicos que han experimentado obstinación terapéutica con pacientes geriátricos la perciben como indeseable y reconocen que es facilitada por elementos micro y macrosociales, que interfieren con el buen morir

OBJECTIVE: To understand the experiences of physicians with regard to therapeutic obstinacy in geriatric patients from Jalisco, Mexico. METHOD: A phenomenological research study of physicians of public and private second level hospitals from Jalisco, Mexico, during 2015. A purposive sample obtained by snowball technique was studied, obtaining seven participants with clinical experience in geriatric patients and therapeutic obstinacy cases. Semi-structured interviews were performed and recorded, manually transcribed and analysed with Atlas. ti(C)6 software, according to the phenomenological method proposed by Husserl. RESULTS: Five categories emerged: concept of therapeutic obstinacy, decision-making process, microsocial facilitators, macrosocial facilitators and the concept of dying well. The participants conceived therapeutic obstinacy as a negative and useless event. Decision-making around this phenomenon is influenced by microsocial facilitators as well as the wishes of the patients and their relatives, and by macrosocial facilitators such as the negative meaning of death as a consequence of medical tasks and as an indicator of hospital performance, and the lack of training for doctors to understand their patients and to communicate their ideas around dyingwell. Dying well was referred to as a natural process, linked to family, and entailed preventing pain during death. CONCLUSIONS: The physicians who experienced therapeutic obstinacy with geriatric patients perceived this phenomenon as undesirable and recognised that it is facilitated by micro and macrosocial factors that interfere with dying well

Clinical competence of Guatemalan and Mexican physicians for family dysfunction management.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical competence of Mexican and Guatemalan physicians to management the family dysfunction. METHODS: Cross comparative study in four care units first in Guadalajara, Mexico, and four in Guatemala, Guatemala, based on a purposeful sampling, involving 117 and 100 physicians, respectively. Clinical competence evaluated by validated instrument integrated for 187 items. Non-parametric descriptive and inferential statistical analysis was performed. RESULTS: The percentage of Mexican physicians with high clinical competence was 13.7%, medium 53%, low 24.8% and defined by random 8.5%. For the Guatemalan physicians'14% was high, average 63%, and 23% defined by random. There were no statistically significant differences between healthcare country units, but between the medium of Mexicans (0.55) and Guatemalans (0.55) (p = 0.02). CONCLUSION: The proportion of the high clinical competency of Mexican physicians' was as Guatemalans.

Clinical competencies for primary health care of climacteric in a group of Mexican physicians / Competências clínicas para cuidados de saúde primários de climatério em um grupo de médicos Mexicanos

Objective: Measure clinical competence for female climacteric diagnosis and treatment in physicians from a Mexican social security system. Methods: Cross-sectional and multi-centric study in 78 physicians from five primary health care units from the Mexican Institute of Social Security in Guadalajara City, Jalisco, Mexico. We measured clinical competence with an instrument specially designed and validated (reliability p = 0.92 accord to Kuder­Richardson test). We obtained descriptive statistics and compared proficiency level accord to labor, demographic and academic characteristics using no-parametric statistic. Results: Clinical competencies medians in five primary health care units were 8­21 points in a scale with maximum value of 108. We do not found significant differences to compare medical unit, gender, specialty, previous training in female climacteric symptoms, contract type, workshift and medical certifications (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Climacteric clinical competence is null or very low in primary health care physicians from Guadalajara City. Educational interventions are required.(AU)

Objetivo: Medir competência clínica para o diagnóstico e tratamento do climatério feminino nos médicos a partir de um sistema de segurança social mexicano. Métodos: Estudo transversal e multicêntrico com 78 médicos de cinco unidades básicas de saúde do Instituto Mexicano de Segurança Social na Cidade de Guadalajara, Jalisco, México. Medimos competência clínica com um instrumento especialmente concebido e validado (confiabilidade p = 0,92 de acordo com o teste de Kuder-Richardson). Obtivemos estatística descritiva e comparação do nível de proficiência no trabalho de acordo com as características demográficas e acadêmicas com o uso do método não paramétrico. Resultados: Competências clínicas medianas em cinco unidades básicas de saúde foram de 8 a 21 pontos em uma escala com valor máximo de 108. Não se encontraram diferenc¸as significativas para comparar unidade médica, sexo, especialidade, treinamento prévio em sintomas do climatério feminino, tipo de contrato, turno de trabalho e certificações médicas (p > 0,05). Conclusões: Competência clínica para o diagnóstico e tratamento do climatério é nula ou muito baixa em cuidados médicos primários de saúde na Cidade de Guadalajara. Intervenções educativas são necessárias.(AU)

[Perceptions of adolescents Jalisco campaign on breast cancer]. / Percepción de los adolescentes jaliscienses de las campañas sobre cáncer de mama.

BACKGROUND: Breast cancer campaigns and awareness strategies with limited evidence of their effectiveness in youth. Behavioral model of perception that shows how individuals choose, organize and interpret information. This study shows the perceptions of youth from Jalisco regarding breast cancer campaigns. METHODS: Cross-sectional qualitative exploratory study based on constructionist and associationist theories of perception. Informed consent interviews with 13 focus groups, 129 men and women between 12 and 19 years old, enrolled students, residents of 6 regions of Jalisco. The sampling consisted in snowball technique. Interviews transcribed and processed with Atlas Ti version 4.1, open coding analysis. RESULTS: 10 campaigns were identified and the perceptions about them showed 3 processes: 1) SELECTION: permeated by the campaign design elements; 2) ORGANIZATION: influenced by pre-structured meanings of the color pink, scope and limitations of the campaigns; and 3) INTERPRETATION: showed judgments about the visibility of breast cancer, accessibility of knowledge and resources, permeability of positive ads and cultural codes and the lack of coverage meeting expectations. CONCLUSIONS: A high awareness of breast cancer among teenagers was evident as well as the extensive need of information and services. We recommend creating strategies for formal education about breast cancer during adolescence.

Introducción: las campañas sobre cáncer de mama (CaMa) y las estrategias de sensibilización tienen limitada evidencia sobre su efectividad en jóvenes. La percepción referente conductual que da cuenta cómo individuos seleccionan, organizan e interpretan información. Este estudio muestra la percepción de adolescentes jaliscienses sobre campañas de CaMa. Métodos: estudio cualitativo, exploratorio, transversal, basado en las teorías construccionista y asociacionista de la percepción. Entrevista con consentimiento informado a 13 grupos focales, 129 hombres y mujeres de 12 a 19 años, escolarizados, residentes de 6 regiones de Jalisco, muestreo: técnica bola de nieve. Entrevistas transcritas y procesadas en Atlas Ti 4.1, análisis por codificación abierta. Resultados: se identificaron 10 campañas, la percepción de ellas mostró 3 procesos: 1) Selección: permeada por elementos del diseño de las campañas; 2) Organización: influenciada por significados pre estructurados sobre el color rosa, alcances y limitaciones de las campañas, y 3) Interpretación: mostró juicios referentes a visibilización del CaMa, accesibilidad al conocimiento y recursos, permeabilización de pautas y códigos culturales positivos y no cobertura a expectativas. Conclusiones: se evidenció alta sensibilización de adolescentes ante el CaMa y amplia necesidad de información y servicios. Recomendamos generar estrategias en educación formal en la adolescencia sobre salud mamaria.